How do you know if you have sleep apnoea?

Common indicators: loud habitual snoring, witnessed pauses in breathing, gasping or choking at night, waking unrefreshed despite adequate hours, morning headaches, and daytime sleepiness. Risk rises with obesity, neck circumference, alcohol, and being male, though it is substantially under-diagnosed in women whose symptoms more often present as fatigue and insomnia rather than classic snoring. It matters because untreated apnoea worsens blood pressure, blood sugar control and cardiovascular risk, and is a common reason for hypertension that resists treatment. Diagnosis needs a sleep study, and home-based studies are now widely available in Indian cities.